Enteric Coated Multiparticulate Composition With Proteinaceous Subcoat

ABSTRACT

A multiparticulate composition includes a plurality of individual enteric coated cores containing one or more terpene-based active ingredients and having a continuous proteinaceous subcoating layer covering the individual cores and separating the individual cores from their respective enteric coatings. The continuous proteinaceous subcoating layer prevents volatile terpene-based active ingredients from leaving the core, even when the core is heated during processing or stored for long periods above room temperature. The multiparticulate composition may be used to treat gastrointestinal disorders.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a division of application Ser. No. 14/033,713, filed Sep. 23, 2013, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application 61/815,073, filed Apr. 23, 2013 and U.S. provisional application 61/880,294, filed Sep. 20, 2013. These priority applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to enteric coated multiparticulate compositions, and, more particularly, to subcoatings for enteric coated multiparticulate compositions.

BACKGROUND

Terpenes are a large class of organic compounds that are often naturally produced by plants and provide the fragrant aroma of plant-derived essential oils. Many terpenes and their associated essential oils are widely known to be pharmaceutically active. Because of this, people have developed various ways of administering terpenes to treat many different ailments.

By way of example, peppermint oil is widely used to address gastrointestinal problems such as irritable bowel syndrome because it inhibits the smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract from contracting. Unfortunately, however, if peppermint oil is released in the stomach, it is absorbed quickly and can upset the stomach. To overcome this problem, others have developed oral delayed-release peppermint oil formulations that allow the peppermint oil to pass into the intestines before it is released.

A common method for delivering peppermint oil to the intestines is to load a hollow capsule with peppermint oil and coat the capsule with an enteric coating. The enteric coating prevents the capsule from dissolving in the stomach and releasing the peppermint oil too early.

These single-unit enteric coated capsules have several drawbacks, including extremely variable gastric emptying time (from 60 to 570 minutes), dose dumping, and their inability to exit from the contracted pylorus due to the presence of food in the stomach. These problems can be addressed by developing multiparticulate compositions containing terpene-based active ingredients. In U.S. patent publication 2012/0207842 and corresponding WIPO publication WO 2012/109216, we described a multiparticulate formulation containing high-purity L-menthol. Some of the particulates in those formulations included a core containing L-menthol, a subcoating over the core, and an enteric coating over the subcoated core. The preferred subcoating was hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose or “HPMC.” The multiparticulate formulations described in that application provided the release profile that we desired and worked well for some applications, but are not optimized for all applications. U.S. patent publication 2012/0207842 and WIPO publication WO 2012/109216 are both incorporated by reference in their entireties.

We found that it is difficult to make multiparticulate formulations containing terpene-based active ingredients because terpenes are very volatile. If the multiparticulate core containing terpene-based active ingredients is heated or stored for extended periods, much above room temperature, the terpenes will permeate, evaporate or sublimate and leave the core. This made processing the cores very difficult, especially when it came time to cure the enteric coating on the cores at elevated temperatures. For our L-menthol formulations, we resorted to low temperature processing techniques.

SUMMARY

Through extensive research, we discovered that using a proteinaceous subcoating between the core and enteric coating prevents the terpene based active ingredients in the core from permeating, evaporating, or sublimating at elevated temperatures and for long periods of time. Accordingly, we have invented new multiparticulate compositions containing terpene-based active ingredients that are stable at elevated processing temperatures.

A multiparticulate composition embodying the principles of the invention comprises a plurality of individual enteric coated cores containing one or more terpene-based active ingredients and having a continuous proteinaceous subcoating layer covering the individual cores and separating the individual cores from their respective enteric coatings.

Some preferred terpene-based active ingredients include terpene-containing essential oils such as peppermint oil and caraway oil, and/or L-menthol. These ingredients may be used alone in combination with each other. For example, the composition may include: (i) a mixture of peppermint oil and caraway oil or (ii) L-menthol from an at least 80% pure L-menthol source dissolved in caraway oil.

Preferably, but not necessarily, the enteric coated cores are spheroidal and are not more than 3 mm in diameter.

In a particularly preferred example of the multiparticulate composition, the cores comprises about 10% w/w to about 35% w/w of the one or more terpene-based active ingredients, about 40% w/w to about 75% w/w microcrystalline cellulose, and about 2% w/w to about 10% w/w methyl cellulose; the subcoating comprises about 3.5% w/w to about 40% w/w of the enteric coated cores; and the enteric coating comprises about 2% to about 35% w/w of the enteric coated cores.

The proteinaceous subcoating may comprise a continuous gelatin, casein, whey proteins or isolated vegetable protein film adhered to the core and/or may be a dried proteinaceous gel. The continuous proteinaceous subcoating layer covering the core is adapted to prevent the one or more terpene-based active ingredients from mixing with the enteric coating.

The enteric coating may have a glass transition temperature higher than a standard boiling point or sublimation point of the one or more terpene-based active ingredients.

Another aspect of the invention is a method of making the enteric coated multiparticulate composition. In general, the method comprises coating a core containing one or more pharmaceutically active terpene-based active ingredients with a liquid proteinaceous material, drying the liquid proteinaceous material on the core to form a subcoated core, and applying an enteric coating over the subcoated core.

The proteinaceous subcoating material may be gelatin and the liquid proteinaceous material may be a solution containing at least about 35% gelatin.

A preferred technique for coating the core is to spray the liquid proteinaceous material onto the core.

The core may be prepared by blending the one or more pharmaceutically active terpene-containing substances with water and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to form a wet mass, extruding the wet mass, spheronizing the extruded wet mass, and drying the resulting spheronized pieces.

In the method, the one or more pharmaceutically active terpene-based active ingredients include terpene-containing essential oils and/or L-menthol. Particularly preferred terpene-based active ingredients are selected from peppermint oil, caraway oil, L-menthol, or a combination thereof. In one example, the one or more terpene-based active ingredients include peppermint oil and/or L-menthol. In another example, the one or more terpene-based active ingredients include a mixture of peppermint oil and caraway oil. In yet another example, the one or more terpene-based active ingredients include L-menthol and caraway oil, the L-menthol being from an at least 80% pure L-menthol source.

Applying the enteric coating over the subcoated core may include heating the enteric coated core to at least a glass transition temperature of the enteric coating without releasing the one or more terpene-based active ingredients from the core.

The method is preferably, but not necessarily, used to make enteric coated cores that are spheroidal and not more than 3 mm in diameter.

Yet another aspect of the invention is a method of treating a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject. The method comprises administering to the subject a multiparticulate composition having a plurality of individual enteric coated cores containing one or more terpene-based active ingredients and a continuous proteinaceous subcoating layer covering the core and separating the core from the enteric coating. The multiparticulate composition used in this method may include any of the features and ingredients described in this disclosure.

Preferred techniques for administering the composition include enteral administration. If desired, the multiparticulate composition may be blended with an acidic vehicle prior to being administered.

These and other aspects, embodiments, and advantages of the invention will be better understood by reviewing the accompanying figures and the Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of an accelerated stability assay for a multiparticulate composition according to an embodiment of the invention stored at 40 degrees C. and 75% relative humidity for four weeks; and

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of a two-stage dissolution test for a multiparticulate composition according to an embodiment of the invention after the composition was stored at 40 degrees C. and 75% relative humidity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the Summary and Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments reference is made to particular features (including method steps) of the invention. It is to be understood that the disclosure of the invention in this specification includes all possible combinations of such particular features, even if those combinations are not explicitly disclosed together. For example, where a particular feature is disclosed in the context of a particular aspect or embodiment of the invention, that feature can also be used, to the extent possible, in combination with and/or in the context of other particular aspects and embodiments of the invention, and in the invention generally.

The term “comprises” is used herein to mean that other ingredients, steps, etc. are optionally present. When reference is made herein to a method comprising two or more defined steps, the steps can be carried in any order or simultaneously (except where the context excludes that possibility), and the method can include one or more steps which are carried out before any of the defined steps, between two of the defined steps, or after all of the defined steps (except where the context excludes that possibility).

In this section, the invention will be described more fully with reference to its preferred embodiments. The invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will convey preferred embodiments of the invention to those skilled in the art.

A multiparticulate composition aspect of the invention is first described. The multiparticulate composition is adapted to carry biologically active ingredients to the intestines (duodenum, small intestine, or colon) and includes a plurality of particulates that are preferably spheroidal in shape and are sized to fit through the pyloric sphincter when it is in a relaxed state. The diameter of each particulate is preferably in the range of about 0.1 mm to about 3 mm or, about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm, or less than about 1.4 mm.

The particulates are preferably formed from a spheroidal core that is coated with several coating layers, including a subcoating and an enteric coating. The subcoating encompasses the core and physically separates the core from the enteric coating. The enteric coating is positioned about the subcoating in such a way that the subcoating is located between the core and enteric coating. The particulates may also include one or more additional coatings such as a sealant coating, finish coating, or a color coating on the enteric coating.

The core contains the primary active ingredient(s), which are terpene-based substances such as terpenes, terpenoids, and/or one or more essential oils. The core may also contain secondary active ingredients such as one or more other terpenes, terpenoids, and/or essential oils. Terpene-based substances that may be used as secondary active ingredients include but are not limited to caraway oil, orange oil, ginger oil, turmeric oil, curcumin oil, and fennel oil, among others.

One of the preferred terpene-based active ingredients is L-menthol from an L-menthol source that is at least about 80% pure L-menthol, such as liquid, solid, or crystalline L-menthol. L-menthol is typically a crystalline material at room temperature, has a melting point at standard pressure of about 42°-45° C., and may undergo sublimation at slightly above room temperature. The 80% pure L-menthol may be dissolved in an essential oil such as caraway oil to form a liquid mixture, prior to mixing with acceptable excipients and water to make a wet mass while the cores are being formed.

The term “solid L-menthol” means L-menthol in its solid form, preferably in its crystalline form. In the crystalline form, L-menthol is substantially free of undesirable impurities. Although it may not always be necessary, it is preferred that the starting material for L-menthol appear as visually perceptible L-menthol crystals that are then ground into a polycrystalline powder. Micronizing the L-menthol is often advantageous because doing so produces more L-menthol surface area, which improves L-menthol's aqueous solubility. It is preferred, however, that the L-menthol be micronized without raising the temperature of the L-menthol enough to degrade the L-menthol molecules, cause L-menthol to melt, or cause L-menthol to sublimate. A suitable technique for producing micronized L-menthol crystals involves jet milling.

Essential oils such as peppermint oil, caraway oil, orange oil, fennel oil etc. are liquid at room temperature. They are usually formulated as liquids in a capsule, with an enteric-coating over the capsule. We discovered that essential oils can be mixed with a cellulosic filler and a binder to make a dough or wet mass, but the dough formed by simply mixing these materials together does not produce a core with the desired strength for subcoating and further processing. By adding water to the wet mass, we produced cores containing terpene-based active ingredient(s) that were robust enough for subsequent processing.

The core may also contain one or more antioxidants that can maintain the purity of the terpene-based active ingredients. This is useful when the terpene-based active ingredients that are employed can oxidize to form undesirable derivatives. Examples of antioxidants that may be used include, but are not limited to tocopherol (vitamin E,) BHT (butylated hydroxy toluene), BHA (butylayted hydroxy anisole), and ascorbic acid.

The core may also contain other non-terpene active ingredients such as plant based polyphenolic compounds, including, for example, green tea extract, aloe vera.

The core may also include other active ingredients that behave synergistically with certain terpenes, such as L-menthol, to treat gastrointestinal disorders. These other active ingredients include drugs typically used to treat various gastrointestinal issues including proton pump inhibitors, anti-inflammatories, and immune suppressors. Combining L-menthol with these other active ingredients improves their efficacy because L-menthol enhances their permeation into the intestinal walls.

Examples of PPIs include, but are not limited to omeprazole, lansoprazole, dexlansoprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, and ilaprazole. Including a PPI is preferred when the L-menthol in the core is dissolved in caraway oil.

Examples of anti-inflammatory drugs include aminosalicylates, including 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA). Examples of 5-ASA are sulfasalazine, mesalamine, olsalazine and balsalazide. These work by decreasing the inflammation at the level of the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. However they do not address the pain and other symptoms associated with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. The 5-ASAs are poorly absorbed. They are more effective when they are released and locally delivered to the ileum (for Crohn's disease) or colon (for ulcerative colitis). The L-menthol in combination with aminosalicylates (in the core) and with an enteric coat specific for delivery at the appropriate pH between pH 6.8 and 7.5 is useful for treating gastrointestinal disorders. We expect this combination to address the needs of the patients with the above disorders. Enteric coatings suited to these PPI-containing formulations include hypromellose acetate succinate coatings such as AQOAT AS-HF, AQOAT AS-HG and poly(meth)acrylate-based coatings such as EUDRAGIT FS 30D or EUDRAGIT S-10.

Examples of immune suppressors include corticosteroids such as prednisone and methylprednisolone. Corticosteroids non-specifically suppress the immune response. These drugs have significant short- and long-term side effects. They need to be delivered to the ileum (for Crohn's disease) or colon (for ulcerative colitis) for maximum efficacy. A combination of L-menthol with prednisone, prednisolone or methylprednisolone, formulated in the core, with an enteric coat specific for delivery at the appropriate pH between pH 6.8 and 7.5 is useful for treating gastrointestinal disorders, such as ulcerative colitis or crohn's disease. This activity may allow the patient to receive a lower dose of the corticosteroid in combination with L-menthol as compared to the corticosteroid by itself. The unique activities of L-menthol help relieve abdominal pain, cramps, and diarrhea. Enteric coatings suitable for these immune suppressor-containing formulations include AQOAT AS-HF, AQOAT AS-HG, EUDRAGIT FS 30D or EUDRAGIT S-100.

The core may also include pharmaceutically acceptable fillers, stabilizers, binders, surfactants, processing aids, and/or disintegrants. By way of example only, suitable materials for performing these functions are provided.

Preferred fillers include cellulosic filler materials such as microcrystalline cellulose, dibasic calcium phosphate, and/or another pharmaceutically acceptable filler.

Preferred binders include cellulosic water soluble polymers such as methyl cellulose, starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, and/or another pharmaceutically acceptable binder.

Because some terpene-based active ingredients, such as L-menthol, are not very water soluble, it may be advantageous to include a surfactant as a solubilizing agent. Preferred solubulizing agents include but are not limited to polysorbate 80 and/or sodium lauryl sulfate. Advantageously when polysorbate 80 is used, it may also enhance absorption of terpene-based active ingredients into the plasma.

Suitable processing aids include pharmaceutically acceptable processing aids for improving the flowability of the core materials during processing. Preferred processing aids include, but are not limited to, colloidal silicon dioxide, talc, magnesium stearate, stearin, and/or another pharmaceutically acceptable processing aid.

Preferred disintegrants include, but are not limited to, croscarmellose sodium, polyvinylpyrrolidone (crospovidone) sodium starch glycolate, and/or another pharmaceutically acceptable processing aid. A preferred amount of disintegrant is about 0.05% w/w to about 20% w/w of the enteric coated cores.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the multiparticulate composition, the core comprises about 10% w/w to about 35% w/w of one or more terpene-based active ingredients; about 25% w/w to about 75% w/w filler; and about 1.5% w/w to about 10% w/w binder. Here the % w/w is the weight of the active ingredient or excipient relative to the total weight of the enteric coated multiparticulates.

Once the core is formed, the subcoating is applied along its exterior surface to form a substantially continuous thin film that forms a barrier between the core and the enteric coating that is applied after the subcoating. One of the particularly advantageous features of the invention is the use of a proteinaceous material as a subcoating material. Examples of proteinaceous materials that may be used include proteins such as, but not limited to casein, whey protein, soy protein, and various types of gelatin (Type A, Type B or derivatives of gelatin) or proteinaceous materials that have protein-like structures. In a preferred embodiment, the material used to form the subcoating is a solution containing at least about 50% of the proteinaceous material dispersed in a solvent. The solvent is preferably, but not necessarily water. A particularly preferred proteinaceous material is Type A gelatin.

The proteinaceous subcoating is preferably applied to the core in liquid form and subsequently dried on the core. When dry, the subcoating adheres to the core. Examples of the liquid form of the proteinaceous subcoating material include melts and gels. When dry, the subcoating forms a continuous film over the core and provides a barrier between the core and enteric coating.

One of the problems we discovered while developing multiparticulate compositions containing terpene-based active ingredients is that the terpenes sometimes penetrated the conventional subcoating materials and came in contact with the enteric coating if the temperature was elevated (25 degrees C.-50 degrees C.) or the composition was stored for a long period of time. This somewhat reduced the effectiveness of the enteric coating and amount of active ingredient in the core. By using the proteinaceous subcoating, we have substantially eliminated this problem.

The multiparticulate composition is preferably adapted to have a controlled release profile once it enters the intestines. To treat certain gastrointestinal disorders, it is highly desirable to avoid releasing greater than 20% of the total active ingredients in the composition over a 2 hour period in a solution with a pH below 4, which simulates the liquid environment in the stomach. If the composition releases greater than 20% of the active ingredients present, it can cause adverse effects because of the pharmacological action of the terpenes in the stomach. For peppermint oil and L-menthol, for example, this can cause dyspepsia, erosive esophagitis, acid reflux or GERD (gastro-esophageal reflux disease).

Because it is often desirable to be able to ship products in non-refrigerated vehicles and store them for a long period of time, we set out to develop a multiparticulate composition that is stable when stored at 40 degrees C. and 75% relative humidity, from between 1 day to 30 days, and even longer. Using the proteinaceous subcoating allowed us to achieve this objective.

Gelatin typically melts at about 35 degrees C., which is below the normal human body temperature of about 37 degrees C. Given this, one might expect that, if a multiparticulate composition, including a gelatin subcoating, is heated above 35 degrees C., the subcoating will melt and release the active ingredients from the core. We observed, however, that gelatin subcoated multiparticulate compositions did not release the terpene-based active ingredients from the core even when heated above 35 degrees C. This is a particularly unexpected result that provides numerous advantages.

Because the proteinaceous subcoating prevents volatile terpene components from being released from the core even when heating above the melting point of the proteinaceous material, by applying the proteinaceous subcoating, one does not have to avoid heating the subcoated cores during processing. One scenario in which this is advantageous is when the enteric coating is applied. Enteric coating polymers have a glass transition temperature (T_(g)) that is often above 35 degrees C. After being applied to a core, enteric coated particulates are preferably heated above T_(g) so that the enteric coating polymer can cure, thereby achieving optimum enteric protection of the core. Thus, using the proteinaceous subcoating between the core and enteric coating allows one to achieve optimum enteric protection without releasing the terpene-based active ingredients from the core.

In certain preferred embodiments of the multiparticulate composition, the subcoating is applied to the core as a gelatin-containing subcoating solution. The solvent may be any solvent in which gelatin is soluble, such as water. In a preferred embodiment, the subcoating solution comprises about 5% to about 30% w/w gelatin and about 70% to about 95% solvent. When the subcoating solution is allowed to dry around the core, the solvent evaporates, leaving a thin gelatin film that adheres to the core and forms a barrier between the core and enteric coating.

Surprisingly, in our experiments, drying the core containing the essential oil and water, at about 15 degrees C. to about 25 degrees C. did not result in significant loss of the terpene-based active ingredients as the water was being removed by fluid bed drying.

The enteric coating is applied over the subcoating. In a preferred embodiment, the enteric coating is about 2% w/w to about 35% w/w of the enteric coated particulate. A preferred enteric coating material is a methacrylic acid based material such as a methacrylic acid based co-polymer. Examples of suitable methacrylic acid based copolymers include EUDRAGIT L30D-55 (Evonik Rohm GmbH, Germany) or KOLLICOAT MAE 30 DP (BASF SE, Germany). KOLLICOAT MAE 30 DP is a methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate co-polymer. These materials may be combined with other materials such as plasticizers for forming an enteric coating solution. In a typical embodiment, the enteric coating solution comprises about 5% w/w to about 35% w/w water, and the enteric-coated dried multiparticulates contain 0.5% w/w to about 5% w/w plasticizer, about 0.05% w/w to about 5% w/w anti-adherent, and about 2% w/w to about 35% w/w methacrylic acid copolymer. By way of example only, a suitable plasticizer is triethyl citrate and a suitable anti-adherent is PLASACRYL T20 (Emerson Resources, Inc., Norristown, Pa.). PLASACRYL T20 is an emulsion of anti-tacking agent and plasticizer and contains water, glyceryl monostearate, triethyl citrate and polysorbate 80.

In a particular preferred embodiment of the multiparticulate composition, the particulates in the multiparticulate composition comprise: (a) a core comprising about 15 w/w to about 35% w/w active ingredient(s), about 40% w/w to about 75% w/w microcrystalline cellulose, and about 2% w/w to about 10% w/w methyl cellulose; (b) a gelatin film subcoating over the core; and (c) an enteric coating over the subcoated core. The gelatin film subcoating is preferably about 3.5% w/w to about 35% w/w of the enteric coated particulates. The enteric coating is preferably about 3.5% w/w to about 35% w/w of the enteric coated particulates.

The enteric-coated particulates may be coated with a finish coat. The finish coat is used, for example, to overcome the mucoadhesive properties of some enteric coating materials, which make the multiparticulates stick together during processing, storage, or dispensing through a tube for enteral feeding. The finish coat is preferably a cellulosic derivative such as HPMC (hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose), HPC (hydroxyl propyl cellulose), CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose), or another pharmaceutically acceptable finish coating material. When used, the finish coat is preferably about 1% to 10% w/w of the finished multiparticulate.

The active ingredient release profile in the body can be varied to treat different disorders. By way of example, L-menthol and peppermint oil can be used to treat a plethora of gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and functional dyspepsia, but it is best to release the active ingredients at a certain point in the gastrointestinal treat each disorder.

To treat gastrointestinal disorders associated with irritable bowel syndrome, the multiparticulate composition is formulated to minimize the amount of active ingredients, such as L-menthol or peppermint oil, released into the stomach and colon, so that most of the active ingredient is released in the small intestine. Preferably, 20% or less of the active ingredients are released into the stomach and 20% or less of the active ingredients are released into the colon. Also, the active ingredients are preferably gradually released over the course of about 4 to about 8 hours after the multiparticulates pass the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine in order to deliver the active ingredients locally in the small intestine. This release profile treats gastrointestinal disorders by stabilizing the digestive system and alleviating the symptoms associated with disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome.

To treat a gastrointestinal disorder such as functional dyspepsia (classified as a gastro-duodenal disorder), the multiparticulate composition is formulated so that the terpene-based active ingredients are rapidly released, after the multiparticulates pass through the stomach and the pylorus, over the course of about 0 to about 2 hours, in order to deliver the active ingredients locally to the duodenum section of the small intestine to help stabilize the digestive system and/or alleviate the symptoms associated with functional dyspepsia. Preferably, 20% or less of the active ingredient(s) is released in the stomach and 20% or less of the active ingredient(s) is released in the jejunum and ileum sections of the small intestine (which follow the duodenum) and the colon.

To treat a gastrointestinal disorder such as inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease), the multiparticulate composition is formulated so that the terpene-based active ingredients are rapidly released, after the multiparticulates pass through the stomach and the small intestine, over the course of about 4 to about 6 hours, in order to deliver the active ingredients locally to the colon to attenuate the inflammatory response and/or alleviate the symptoms associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Preferably, 30% or less of the active ingredient(s) is released in the stomach and small intestine greater than 70% of the active ingredient(s) is released in the first 2 hours after the multiparticulates reach the pH of the colon.

A multiparticulate composition particularly geared to treat functional dyspepsia includes a combination of L-menthol or peppermint oil and caraway oil. In this embodiment, the core is formulated to contain a disintegrant to facilitate the rapid release of the active ingredients in the duodenum. Preferred disintegrants include, but are not limited to croscarmellose sodium, polyvinylpyrrolidone (crospovidone) and/or sodium starch glycolate. The amount of disintegrant is preferably about 1% w/w to 20% w/w of the finished multiparticulate. In order to ensure even distribution of the active ingredient(s), the L-menthol and/or peppermint oil is dissolved in the caraway oil prior to mixing with excipients, prior to formation of the cores.

An effective amount is an amount that is sufficient to affect a disease or process in the body. A daily dose of a multiparticulate composition containing L-menthol is preferably about 10 mg to about 400 mg of L-menthol, split into 2 or three doses per day. Each dosage form may contain between 5 mgs and 140 mgs of L-menthol, more preferably, about 80-100 mgs of 1-menthol per capsule.

It should be understood that where this disclosure makes reference to treating a gastrointestinal disorder, that the terms “treat,” “treating, or any other variation of the word “treat” include prevention or management of the gastrointestinal disorder.

A daily dose of a multiparticulate composition containing peppermint oil is about 20 mg to about 1200 mgs of peppermint oil, split into 2 or three doses per day. Each dosage form may contain between 10 mgs and 140 mgs of peppermint oil, more preferably, about 90-110 mg of peppermint oil.

A daily dose of a multiparticulate composition containing L-menthol and caraway oil contains about 15 mg to about 700 mgs of peppermint oil plus 15 mg to 500 mgs of caraway oil, split into 2 or three doses per day. Each dosage form may contain between 10 mgs and 70 mgs of L-menthol plus 5 mg to 50 mg of caraway oil, more preferably, about 40-50 mg of L-menthol plus 20-30 mg of caraway oil.

Doses of the multiparticulate composition may be administered sporadically when needed for treating acute inflammations of the gastrointestinal tract or may be administered as part of a long term regimen for treating GI disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, gastroparesis or inflammatory bowel disease. A treatment subject may be a human or animal.

The enteric coated multiparticulates are prepared into a suitable pharmaceutical or medical food dosage form such as a capsule, tablet or sachet, or are mixed with an acidic food vehicle and directly fed through a feeding tube. A typical dosage form contains about 400 mg of the particulates, but, depending on the desired dosage, this amount may be adjusted. Acidic food vehicles include citrus juices and foods such as, for example, apple sauce and apple juice.

The multiparticulate composition is preferably formulated to be administered enterally, such as orally or through a feeding tube, to a human or animal subject to ensure that the subject receives an effective amount of terpene-based active ingredients over the course of several hours after ingestion.

A preferred method of making the multiparticulate composition is now described. The core is typically prepared by wet granulating the core materials into a wet mass, extruding the wet mass to form an extrudate, cutting the extrudate into a plurality of core pieces, and spheronizing the core pieces. The spheronized core pieces are then dried in a dryer such as a fluid bed dryer to remove most of the water. If desired the dried spheronized cores are then sieved to separate cores of different sizes.

The dried spheronized cores are then coated with the proteinaceous subcoating material. One way to apply the subcoating material to the cores is to prepare a subcoating solution and spray the subcoating solution onto the cores. There are various conventional methods for doing this, but the preferred method is Wurster coating or fluid bed coating (top spray or bottom spray). The subcoating solution is subsequently allowed to dry over the cores, leaving each core coated with a thin, continuous proteinaceous film. If desired, the subcoated cores are sieved to separate them into different sizes.

The enteric coating is then applied to the subcoated cores. One means of applying the enteric coating is to spray it onto the subcoated cores. There are various conventional methods for doing this, but the preferred method is Wurster coating or fluid bed coating. The enteric coated particulates are subsequently dried. During the enteric coating process, the cores are preferably heated in an environment that is about 20 degrees C. to about 50 degrees C. to cure the enteric coating materials above their T_(g).

A finish coating may be applied over the enteric coated particulates if desired. One way to apply the finish coating is to spray it onto the enteric coated cores. There are various conventional methods for doing this, but the preferred method is Wurster coating or fluid bed coating.

Another method aspect of the invention is a method of treating a gastrointestinal disorder. This method comprises administering a multiparticulate composition including a proteinaceous subcoating between the core and enteric coating to a subject. As mentioned above, there are various means of administration that can be used, including enteral administration, administration via a feeding tube, and administration in food.

The multiparticulate composition can be enterally administered through use of a conventional oral dosage form such as a tablet, caplet, capsule, or sachet, among others.

Another enteral means for administering the multiparticulate composition, either orally or via a tube, is as a medical food product. In the medical food product, the multiparticulate composition is blended with an acidic food vehicle such as apple juice or another acidic vehicle that prevents premature release of the active ingredients.

Although many of the more specific embodiments we have described include peppermint oil, L-menthol, and/or caraway oil, one having ordinary skill in the art will understand that the use of a proteinaceous subcoating is generally applicable to many other pharmaceutically active terpene-based active ingredients because they present the same difficulty; namely, because they are volatile, it is difficult to prepare them in heat stable multiparticulate dosage forms.

EXAMPLES

This section provides specific examples of the multiparticulate composition and method aspects of the invention. These examples are provided to illuminate certain preferred aspects and embodiments of the invention, but the scope of the invention is not limited to what these examples teach.

Example 1 Preparation of a Multiparticulate Composition

The core was prepared using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) commercially available under the name AVICEL PH 102 (FMC Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.), methylcellulose commercially available under the name METHOCEL A15LV (Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.), distilled peppermint oil, and USP purified water.

33.25 kg MCC, 1.75 kg methyl cellulose, and 15 kg peppermint oil were blended with water to form a wet mass. The wet mass was granulated in a high shear granulator. The granulated wet mass was then extruded and spheronized. The spheronized particles were subsequently dried in a fluid bed dryer to form uncoated cores. The drying temperature was about 16 degrees C.

The uncoated cores were Wurster coated with 37 kg of a subcoating composition containing about 15% acid bone gelatin and 85% USP water and dried.

The subcoated cores were Wurster coated with 31 kg of a 20% w/w enteric coating suspension containing KOLLICOAT MAE 30 DP, PLASACRYL T20, triethyl citrate USP, and purified water USP. The dry solids weight of amount KOLLICOAT MAE 30 DP was approximately 5.4 kg. The dry solids weight of triethyl citrate was approximately 0.28 kg. The dry solids weight of PLASACRYL T20 was approximately 0.5 kg. The enteric coated cores were then dried at about 40 degrees C.

The enteric coated cores were Wurster coated with 26 kg of a finish coat solution containing about 10% w/w hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and 90% water USP and dried at about 40 degrees C.

Example 2 Stability Testing of the Multiparticulate Composition of Example 1

The multiparticulate composition described in Example 1 was subsequently tested to ensure that the gelatin subcoating prevented the peppermint oil from evaporating and leaving the core when stored at elevated temperatures over a long period of time.

In the first set of experiments, we prepared capsules containing the multiparticulate composition and stored them at degrees C. and 75% relative humidity for four weeks. Each week, we measured the amount of peppermint oil in a selection of the capsules. FIG. 1 shows the results of this study as a graph of the number of milligrams of L-menthol per capsule as a function of time. The results show that the amount of L-menthol in the capsules remained more or less constant at about 34 mg during the four week period. This proves that the gelatin subcoating maintains the integrity of the core.

In the second set of experiments, we simulated the gastrointestinal environment and measured the dissolution profile of the multiparticulate composition to ensure that the enteric coating worked and that almost all of the peppermint oil would be released from the core within about 8.5 hours. This was a conventional two stage dissolution study in which the sample was placed in an acidic medium (0.1 N HCl) for about two hours and subsequently placed in a neutral medium (pH=6.8) for the remainder of the time.

The results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 2 as the % release of peppermint oil, reported as the number of mgs of L-menthol over time. After two hours in the acidic medium, each of the samples tested had only released about 10% or less of the peppermint oil, indicating that the enteric coating was intact and worked normally. Over the following 6.5 hours in the neutral medium, the peppermint oil was gradually released from the core.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein are intended to have the same meaning as commonly understood in the art to which this invention pertains and at the time of its filing. Although various methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described. The skilled should understand that the methods and materials used and described are examples and may not be the only ones suitable for use in the invention.

The specification discloses typical preferred embodiments of the invention, and although specific terms are employed, the terms are used in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. The invention has been described in some detail, but it will be apparent that various modifications and changes can be made within the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the foregoing specification and in the claims. 

That which is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating a gastrointestinal disorder in a human subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a multiparticulate dosage form composition effective to treat a gastrointestinal disorder in the subject, the composition comprising a plurality of individual enteric coated cores containing one or more terpene-based active ingredients and a continuous proteinaceous subcoating layer covering the individual cores and separating the individual cores from their respective enteric coatings.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein administering is performed enterally.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein administering is performed orally.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more terpene-based active ingredients include L-menthol from an at least 80% pure L-menthol source dissolved in a terpene-containing essential oil.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more terpene-based active ingredients include both L-menthol and caraway oil.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more terpene-based active ingredients include L-menthol from an at least 80% pure L-menthol source dissolved in peppermint oil.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more terpene-based active ingredients include both peppermint oil and caraway oil.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more terpene-based active ingredients include both L-menthol and epigallocatechin gallate.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more terpene-based active ingredients include L-menthol from an at least 80% pure L-menthol source dissolved in an essential oil.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the enteric coated cores are spheroidal and not more than 3 mm in diameter.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more terpene-based active ingredients include both peppermint oil and caraway oil.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the proteinaceous subcoating layer is a dried proteinaceous gel.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the proteinaceous subcoating layer is a gelatin film.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the gelatin film forms a continuous layer of gelatin substantially surrounding the core.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the gastrointestinal disorder is at least one of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and functional dyspepsia.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the individual enteric coated cores are spheroidal and have a diameter of 0.1 mm to 3 mm.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the cores independently disperse in the subject's stomach after oral ingestion and travel through the stomach without releasing more than 10% of the terpene-based active ingredient(s) therein.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein: the gastrointestinal disorder is at least one of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and functional dyspepsia; the composition is orally administered to the subject; the cores are spheroidal and have a diameter of 0.1 mm to 2.5 mm; the cores independently disperse in the subject's stomach after oral ingestion and travel through the stomach without releasing more than 10% of the terpene-based active ingredient(s) therein; and the proteinaceous subcoating layer is a gelatin film that forms a continuous coating of gelatin substantially surrounding the core and is effective to prevent the terpene-based active ingredient(s) from substantially penetrating the subcoating and contacting the enteric coating when stored at a temperature of 40 degrees C. and 75% relative humidity from between 1 day to 30 days.
 19. A method of treating a gastrointestinal disorder in a human subject, the method comprising orally administering to the subject a multiparticulate dosage form comprising an effective amount of a plurality of individual enteric coated L-menthol-containing particulates that independently disperse in the subject's stomach after oral ingestion and travel through the stomach without substantially releasing the L-menthol therein, the individual particulates comprising (a) a solid spheroidal core containing L-menthol, (b) a proteinaceous subcoating over core, and (c) an enteric coating over the proteinaceous subcoating; wherein the material forming the proteinaceous subcoating substantially prevents L-menthol from permeating the enteric coating prior to oral administration.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the L-menthol is from an at least 80% pure L-menthol source.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the L-menthol is from peppermint oil.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the L-menthol is from an at least 80% pure L-menthol source dissolved in peppermint oil.
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the L-menthol is present in the core in combination with caraway oil.
 24. The method of claim 19, wherein the L-menthol is from peppermint oil and the peppermint oil is present in the core in combination with caraway oil.
 25. The method of claim 19, wherein the L-menthol is from an at least 80% pure L-menthol source dissolved in an essential oil.
 26. The method of claim 19, wherein the particulates are spheroidal and not more than 3 mm in diameter.
 27. The method of claim 19, wherein the proteinaceous subcoating layer is a dried proteinaceous gel.
 28. The method of claim 19, wherein the proteinaceous subcoating is a gelatin film.
 29. The method of claim 19, wherein the gelatin film forms a continuous layer of gelatin substantially surrounding the core.
 30. The method of claim 19, wherein the gastrointestinal disorder is at least one of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and functional dyspepsia.
 31. The method of claim 19, wherein: the gastrointestinal disorder is at least one of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and functional dyspepsia; the particulates are spheroidal and have a diameter of 0.1 mm to 2.5 mm; and the proteinaceous subcoating is a gelatin film that forms a continuous coating of gelatin substantially surrounding the core.
 32. The method of claim 19, wherein: the gastrointestinal disorder is at least one of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and functional dyspepsia; the particulates are spheroidal and have a diameter of 0.1 mm to 2.5 mm; the particulates independently disperse in the subject's stomach after oral ingestion and travel through the stomach without releasing more than 10% of the terpene-based active ingredient(s) therein; and the proteinaceous subcoating is a gelatin film that forms a continuous coating of gelatin substantially surrounding the core and is effective to prevent the L-menthol from substantially penetrating the subcoating and contacting the enteric coating when stored at a temperature of 40 degrees C. and 75% relative humidity from between 1 day to 30 days. 